The Teleological Argument For The Existence Of Intelligent...

The teleological argument successfully provides proof for the existence of intelligent design by utilizing intricate scientific data in order to demonstrate intent and purpose in the creation of the universe, as opposed to random and highly improbable occurrences. The purpose of the teleological argument is to present complex details of the universe as evidence that it was designed by an intelligent mind. It suggests that since the universe is so compound and full of fine-tuned intricacies, there must have been a designer who implemented these specific details in order to create a fully functioning and sustainable universe. These details have been found from a biological perspective, as well as from a cosmological scale. The teleological argument is commonly used to provide evidence for the existence of the theistic God, or at least an intelligent designer. In contrast, those who are against the teleological argument generally believe that the universe is a result of an accidental ex plosion. Although there are many theories that use the teleological argument to provide strong support for intelligent design, there are also well-developed theories that oppose the teleological argument. A philosopher who presents several contradicting arguments to the teleological argument is David Hume. In his writing, The Dialogue Concerning Natural Religion, he presents his critique of the teleological argument and expresses his opposition through the fictional character Philo. In one ofShow MoreRelatedExamine the Key Features of the Teleological Argument?1491 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the key features of the Teleological argument. The word teleological comes from the Greek word ‘Telos’ which means purpose. The teleological argument is a posteriori and like the cosmological argument, attempts to prove the existence of God. It claims that certain phenomena within the universe appear to display features of design and are perfectly adapted to fulfil their function. Therefore, if features of the universe are so perfectly designed, for example the structure and function ofRead MoreTeleological Arguments Essay849 Words   |  4 Pages The argument from design or the teleological argument points to the existence of order and direction in nature to a kind of purpose. The argument essentially proves the existence of God. A designer must exist because the universe and living things exhibit marks of design in their complexity. Design-type arguments are unproblematic when based upon things nature plainly could not or would not produce, like human artifacts. If designs entail a designer, and the universe shows marks of design, thenRead MoreWilliam Paley And David Hume1260 Words   |  6 PagesIntelligent by Design Written by Alexander Staggs-Vargas One of the most prominent philosophical arguments that remains today is the debate on the existence of God or an Intelligent Designer. This debate dates back a time of many Gods and deities during the era of Socrates, Plato and their students, including Aristotle. This discussion will focus on the differing works of authors William Paley and David Hume and I will argue that there is an Intelligent Designer for our universe. William PaleyRead MoreExplain the Teleological Arguments for the Existence of God Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Teleological arguments The word teleological originates from the Greek ‘telos’ meaning end or purpose. It infers the existence of God from a particular aspect or character of the world, namely the presence of order, regularity and purpose, and thus, is most commonly known as the design argument; it postulates the idea of a designer for all that has been designed. As its name suggests, the teleological argument attempts to seek the ultimate end or purpose. Furthermore, the teleological argumentRead MoreThe Design Argument for the Existence of God Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Design Argument for the Existence of God While theology may take Gods existence as absolutely necessary on the basis of authority, faith, or discovery, many philosophers have thought it possible to demonstrate by reason that there must be a God. The teleological argument, also known as the argument from design quite simply states that a designer must exist since the universe and living things display elements of design in their order, consistency, unity and patternRead MoreAquinas’ has five proofs for Gods existence. His first proof is an argument from motion. Nothing600 Words   |  3 PagesAquinas’ has five proofs for Gods existence. His first proof is an argument from motion. Nothing can move itself unless it was placed into motion. His second proof is an argument from efficient causes. We experience a series of efficient causes of things. I didn’t exist to my prior existence. Nothing before exists. Nothing can be caused by itself. The third proof is the argument from possibility and necessity. We find natural things that are possible to be and not to be. Things come in and out ofRead MoreEssay on The Existence Of God908 Words   |  4 PagesMost Popular Arguments For The Existence Of God The Ontological Argument One of the most important attempts to demonstrate the existence of God is the ontological argument of Saint Anselm, an 11th-century theologian. Anselm’s argument maintains that God, defined as the greatest being that can be conceived, must exist, since a being that does not exist would by virtue of that fact lack an attribute that contributes to its greatness. Critics have questioned, however, whether existence actually contributesRead MoreThe Argument Of God s Existence1737 Words   |  7 Pagesothers refute Gods existence altogether. However for this particular paper I will be taking the best explanations approach. What I mean by this is I do not have proof of God’s existence but the existence of God is the best explanation for the universe around me. With this statement in mind we will discuss arguments in support of God’s existence as well as philosopher H.J McCloskey’s article On Being an Atheist. Within McCloskey’s article he refers to three well known theist arguments as proofs theRead MoreEveryman1579 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieves that the existence of evil discredits arguments made in support of believing in God. There is not one single thing in this world that we can know definitively without looking at the evidence. You have to look at the whole picture. Just like in a criminal investigation, the crime scene investigators gather evidence they are not looking for just the bullets or just the body. They look and gather all the data before coming to any conclusions. We will discuss each of the arguments and some additionalRead MoreSummary Of On Being An Atheist1341 Words   |  6 Pageswith one another over the existence of a creator, or God. H.J. McCloskey published his thoughts on the matter in a journal article in 1968 titled â€Å"On Being an Atheist†. In his article McCloskey aims to discredit cosmological and teleological arguments for a creator an d he uses the existence of evil in the world as evidence that a divine creator cannot exist. McCloskey routinely refers to the cosmological and teleological arguments as believers’ â€Å"proof† of God’s existence; however, this is not an

The Use Of Private Night Watches And Patrols During...

Core Assessment Introduction to Security CJ 233 Yazeed Alothman Use of Private Night Watches and Patrols in Medieval England In Medieval England, security was majorly controlled and determined by the feudal barons and the kings. The creation and use of private night watches and patrols was pushed by the need to improve the security system, which was worsened by the breaking down of the social patterns. Acts of consolidation and enclosure displaced many residents and the only solution was to migrate to the cities (Fischer, Halibozek, and Walters 4). Due to hardships created by increased urbanization, poverty and crime rose to higher levels. At that time, there were no public law enforcement structures that could prevent the rising wave of violence and crime. At the same time, there were no agencies that could restrain the causes of the social problem. As a result, private police agencies were developed by individual merchants to guard their warehouses and shops. Night watchmen were hired to make rounds during around shops to make sure that they were not broken into. Many parishes around major cities also h ired parochial guards to patrol around church compounds and protect them. Merchants and other rich people hired private night watches and patrols because at that time, there were no laws that ensured the protection of the common good. The Court of Star Chamber, which empowered the English monarchy total authority over matters of the law, had beenShow MoreRelatedSignificance Of A Good Risk Management Program1510 Words   |  7 PagesWhat events in medieval England brought about the creation and use of private night watches and patrols? Urbanization of the population created hardships for the normal everyday citizen in Medieval England. Crime and poverty was common throughout most communities. There were no public law enforcement agencies that could reduce or alleviate the causes of the problem. As time passed, the merchants themselves created the merchant police to guard shops and warehouses. The night watchmen primary purpose

Bureaucracy Free Essays

One of the characteristics off eructation school/organization is specialization. Specialization is concentrating on a specific task for example; bursar as one of the school officers regulates finances of the school. According to Weber as cited in Ho and Missile (1 991 ) â€Å"division of labor and specialization means that the regular activities required for the purposes of the bureaucratically governed structure are distributed in a fixed way as official duties† (p: 104). We will write a custom essay sample on Bureaucracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is to say, work in schools is divided into different task hence everyone have his/her specific task. Teachers are specializing by teaching a specific subject for example, Mathematics. Mathematics teacher specialize by teaching only Mathematics to all the grades in the school that is, form one, two and three. This is advantageous due to the fact that it makes one’s job easier and to be of high quality since he/she deals with a specific subject. Furthermore, specialization goes hand in hand with what is called division of labor. Light, Keller and Calhoun (1989) state â€Å"in bureaucracies the work to be accomplished is broken down into clear-cut division of labor and people are trained to specialize in performing each task† (p: 219). This is division of labor which refers to dividing work into small and manageable tasks. Therefore since tasks in schools are too complex to be performed by a single individual, division of labor is crucial. Everyone in a school has a position for example; there is a head teacher who is responsible for the running affairs of the school and teachers who are responsible for imparting knowledge to students or simply instruction delivery. Division of labor among positions improves efficiency. Ho and Missile (1991) postulate that division of labor produces specialization hence efficiency increases. And this is because specialization helps employees to be knowledgeable and expert at performing their prescribed duties. So the authors suggest â€Å"such division enables the organization to employ personnel on the basis of technical qualifications. Hence, division of labor and specialization produce more expertise in school personnel† (p: 105). This is to say that workers are employed for the type of work they have skills on. Another characteristic of bureaucratic school/organization is a hierarchy of offices. According to Ho and Missile (1991) offices are arranged hierarchically; ACH lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. In agreement YMMV. Clientà ¨les. Com suggests that the structure of a bureaucracy is called a hierarchy because it includes a series of levels from the most menial worker in the organization to the highest executive. Each level has clearly defined authority and responsibilities. Therefore, this makes work to be easier and more manageable since everyone knows his/her responsibility in the school/organization. Light, et al. (1989) state that when an organization’s operation is divided into smaller, more manageable tasks; the arioso activities must be put together. Thus, the solution is to organize workers into a hierarchy with each person being responsible to the person directly above in the chain of command. This means that everyone will have a supervisor. For example, senior teachers can supervisor teachers to assess the efficiency of their work in the classroom. Moreover, a hierarchy of offices helps in keeping order within the organization since everyone understands his place very well and what is expected of him/her. According to Stark (1989) â€Å"all employees in the organization must know who their boss is and each errors should always respect their chain of command† (p: 594). To support this, employees should respect those in authority or their supervisors by doing what they expect them to do. They should also follow a channel of communication within the organization. The author also postulates â€Å"in this way the people at the top can be sure that directives arrive where they are meant to go and know where responsibility lie† (p: 594). Therefore, a hierarchy of offices is very important characteristic of a bureaucratic school/ organization as it allows workers to focus on their responsibilities since it Leary define them. It also encourages carefulness among workers as it is easier to trace who is not doing his/her work properly. Www. Baccalaureate’s. Com/excerpts suggests that a formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making of a bureaucratic school/organization. This is due to the fact that these offices are for the people who are responsible for the operation of the school/ organization hence; they plan and make decisions together on how best to do that. Stark (1989) postulates ‘to ensure order in decision making, business is inducted primarily through written rules, records and communication† (p: 593). This is to say, planning and decision making is central to a hierarchy of offices within the school/organization due to the fact that it is where written rules, records and communication are found. Rules and regulations are one of the characteristics of bureaucratic school/organization. In any organization rules and regulations are very vital because they ensure that there is order. Weber as cited in Stark (1989) â€Å"stressed that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with careful developed rules and principles that can e learned and applied†¦ † (P: 595). To support this, a bureaucratic school should have rules that guide employees’ behavior since they are applied equally to everyone of them. They cannot be broken due to the fact that by doing so punishment will follow. Therefore, rules and regulations are important in a bureaucratic school since they promote self-discipline and self- control among workers. This will help the organization to run smoothly and efficiently since workers need not to be followed to do their work as they are guided by the rules and regulations. Rules and regulations maintain control thin the organization as according to Ho and Missile (1991) â€Å"†¦ By taking advantage of the screening functions of bureaucratic rules, administrators can gain and maintain some control over organizational activities. They anticipate that general and impersonal rules will be good because they provide direction without creating status distinctions. Control is the us maintained by using bureaucratic rules†¦ † (P: 109-110). Moreover, to ensure that rules and regulations are the characteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization; Bernard, Burgess and Kirby (2004) suggest that a bureaucratic school/organization should have a body of rules that governs it. For example, employees usually have a code of conduct. According to Fragrant (1980) a code of conduct is a set of rules for professional conduct since teachers are professionals. These rules are divided into two; a commitment to the students and to the profession. A commitment to the students are rules which outline what the teacher should do and not to do to students for example, the teacher disclosing information about students without their permission. And a commitment to the profession are rules which outline hat they society expects from the teacher for example, the teacher should not dress in an unprofessional manner. Ho and Missile (1991 ) state that rules and regulations provide continuity of operation and help to coordinate activities. This is because employees are guided by rules on what they should do and not to therefore, rules and regulations in a bureaucratic school promote cooperation within the organization since employees work well with each other. Lastly, one of the characteristics of bureaucratic school/ organization includes rewards based on merit. According to Light, et al. (1989) â€Å"positions in a bureaucracy are awarded on the basis Of technical qualifications (as measured by tests, educational degrees and diplomas and other standardized yardsticks) not on the basis of who one knows† (p: 220). This is to say that jobs and promotion in a bureaucratically school/ organization are obtained through qualifications. For example in Botswana, for one to be a secondary school teacher should have at least a certificate of Diploma in Secondary Education not just passed form five and then be employed as teacher. Employees should be employed for the job they qualify or so that work cannot be difficult for them since they will be doing what they are trained for. This will in turn, helps the school/organization to be effective and efficient. Furthermore, rewards based on merit will allow us providers to give promotions to the ones who are qualifying for those positions. This is to say they will not give promotion on the basis of favoritism like to their relatives and friends. Stark (1989) states â€Å"to ensure expert management, appointment and promotion are based on merit rather than favoritism and those appointed treat their positions as full-time, primary arrears† (p: 593). To support this, people are rewarded because of the efforts they put in their work. So that’s why in schools teachers can be promoted and given positions such as, from being a subject teacher to a subject coordinator. Nevertheless, giving jobs and promotions to people because one knows them, will make the school/organization to suffer since they do not qualify for those works. Ho and Missile (1991) suggest â€Å"promotion is dependent on the judgment of superiors† (p: 105). This is to say that promotion is made by supervisors but even though, it is upon them they should do it fairly. How to cite Bureaucracy, Papers

Women Have Achieved Equality At Long Last -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Women Have Achieved Equality At Long Last? Answer: Introduction Gender inequality is the situation where men and women are not treated equally i.e. they are provided unequal treatment. The perception of the people depends on the gender i.e. if there is male, the perception would be different and if there is female, the perception would be different. Thus, gender roles plays a major role in any field either it is education or politics or health and many more. The definition of gender equality is interpreted and has changed its meaning too. It can be said that opportunities provided to the person are biased i.e. there is no equal opportunities provided to male and females. There has been a huge gap between the opportunities owned by the males and females (YKA, 2016). Gender inequality can also be denoted as the gap between the male and female that takes place because of the differences in the status, power and prestige that men and women have in particular group. Today though the gap is decreasing day by day, there are still some major issues which should be prioritized as soon as possible. . So, male and female are at the end boosting themselves to decrease the gap between them. The gender gap issue is not simple and also cannot be easily removed. Thus it will need some patience as well as time to eradicate it from root (Ackerman, 2016). According to the research done in 2016-17, a data based on the workplace environment was released by Workplace Gender Equality Agency i.e.WGEA. It was found that in order to improve the economic condition of the country, many people are taking part in actions that will address the pay gaps and difference in the genders. This is known as gender imbalances. It also shows that nearly four million employees and 11000 employers are showing a great improvement in terms of employer awareness. Today in many countries like Australia, men are still earning more if compared to women across all the industry and occupations. One cannot say its all about the choices that favours them and choices are like for the post whether one is a manager or a scientist or a baker but it is all about the gender pay gap. The study also shows that 15.3% of the employees are still not working enough to reduce the gap. It will definitely take time to reduce it to 0%. There are several steps if followed can reduce the gender gap (Hilton, 2017). Several Steps followed to reduce gap Training is the first step to it. It is very important to generate awareness of when and how unconscious biases are boosting up and creating a creepy environment. All the employees in an organization should be well trained so that they will be able to pick a subtle job for them which can enhance the potential in an applicant and also motivate them to do perform their job with dedication and efficiency. Avoiding Masculine language The second step is to avoid using masculine language. Masculine language includes using the forms of adjectives like competitive and dynamic which makes a women feel like they cannot fit into such culture because they will often think the particular culture to be men oriented. They will always demotivate themselves and think that the culture is biased and made only for men. For instance, men will be provided more opportunities and women will feel like they cannot perform any work better than men. Ensuring Salaries at par The third thing to be done is ensuring the salaries of both male and female on par if they are playing a similar role and have the same level of experience as well i.e. if a male and female are holding the same position, there should not be any biasness in terms of salary. For this, flexibility in the workplace is the most important factor. More there is flexibility in the workplace, more will be the output and less will be the issues regarding the gender gaps. Thus, through the several efforts, the gap has been reduced to 2% and soon will be on soon on zero (Trachsel, 2014). Why is HR important? Human resource is the way of producing the maximum output with minimum resources. It works as multiplier to the organization only if is used strategically. HR plays a major role in obtaining the greatest resource because if a company will not have good employees, it was never succeed and no ideas and plans can be implemented successfully. HR are the one who works on the several areas and aims at providing advices as an experts. They focus on the all the functions and aims at financial growth of the company (Camps, 2012). Moreover, HR works as an advocate for the employees. They train their employees well and make them focused towards their job and provide benefits and solve all the issues existing in the company. The role of HR affects the overall performance of the organization. When it comes to issues like gender equality and other many issues, these are all taken into consideration by HR (Adamson. 2009). HR helps to avoid all the issues on the highest priority and makes their empl oyee more focused and dedicated towards their job responsibilities. HR also enables to provide the work environment which should be flexible for all regardless of males or females. A good HR helps to create a positive environment and solve all the problems of the employees professionally. Today, the issues of gender inequality is striking and less concerned about because it seems not be a big issue but in fact, it should be the most serious issue to be concerned about and paid attention on (Doward, 2017). According to the interview conducted based on the human rights and the challenges faced by the women, it was found that there are still several management positions which are filled by males instead of females. There are not enough women on the management positions. It was said that it is quite easy to dismiss the structure of the women right of other places but when it comes to own place, it becomes difficult. Tara Moss is the advocate of the human right. She said that the voices of women are still unheard in public despite of any field like politics or education or a small organization as well. She also said that women should be given equal right and unique position to get a positive difference in any field. They should be given opportunity to speak up and work intelligently and passionately as well. Every women today should compete with the men and should ensure that they can perform better and think better (Moss, 2017). Gender inequality in an organization is a very complex and tough phenomenon that can easily be seen on the organizational structure, process, procedures and practises. Some major gender inequalities are connected to HR practises for females which takes place because of the practises performed by HR. HR practises affect hiring, training, pay and promotion of females (Hook, 2010). For this, a model has been proposed that will eliminate gender discrimination. This model will focus on the nature of these inequalities in an organization. The decision making factors include leadership, strategy, culture and HR policies. Similarly, the decision makers can bias while following the HR practises. This model helps to portray gender inequality as a self-reinforcing system which will provide a socializing context (Hing, 2015). Difficulties faced According to the recent study, it was found that the difficulties that the women face in the workplace are sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination. These are the major two factor that leads to create challenges in the workplace. Sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination plays a very vital role in in the workplace because it creates number of challenges and obstacles for a women to perform better in an organization. These factors makes a women weak and demotivate them to work efficiently and stay dedicated towards their job. Sexual Harassment It was seen that two in three women have experienced harassment at work which is very big issue at the workplace. It will create a negativity in the working environment and women will step back to work. This type of culture will enable women to fight for their rights because of the unwanted feeling generated (Ridgeway, 2011). Pregnancy Discrimination Likewise, managing pregnancy and working is quite difficult. Though, women do it successfully. But the study found that the cost generated for the company when a women is on maternity leave is useless. Women who are pregnant and still work should be given special amenities but when it comes to workplace, they are discriminated and not supported as well. Pregnancy discrimination has created a disadvantages at the workplace (Suff, 2016). Several technological advancement are taken place in the society but gender inequality in the workplace still exists. Women are less paid and they are less promoted with lesser opportunities too. HR helps to fill this gap by monitoring, addressing and at the end solving the problem. In order to address gender inequality, HR should focus on these segments: It should motivate employees to give importance to gender diversity i.e. company should be transparent to its people. Everyone should be given equal right to cultivate themselves in the company. Major HR practises Ensuring that all the HR practises are done fairly i.e. hiring and recruiting, promoting and training. If there will be transparency in each HR policies, it will create a great way to avoid biasness. For it, auditing behind the screen for the candidates was done where everything was crystal clear to the other candidates. Training and development Train employees to reduce biased behaviour. Every managers in the company should be trained enough of how to avoid such bias if seen and what will be major action plan to be implemented to discourage such things. A short training program should be organized where they should be trained that gender inequality and biasness is not at all a part of company policies and it will not be tolerated at any cost if existed. Results and accountability Focus on result and accountability. A company should start building a metrics system that will examine the issues and one can see the progress over time to time. The improvements and progress can be tracked and worked on (Silas, 2017). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that Women and girls have done enough to fight for their rights and they have suffered a lot. Now its time to root out all the issues related to gender gap regardless of any field i.e. management, education or health. Though no country have yet got full gender equality but all those are working for it. Today, almost every country wants to reduce the gap between the genders and solve all the issues related to this. For this, they are implementing all the HR practises fairly and they are also allowing women not to suffer from the effects of culture change, conflict and discrimination. All the resources needed should be available at the right time to the right people (Caspani, 2015). Likewise, all the organization today should try to eliminate the issue of gender inequality rather than focusing on other issues because in every organization, men and women both are equal in generating the success factor and creating a positive environment. Providing equal pay off , providing equal opportunities will help an organization to create transparency (Sharma, 2011). References Ackerman pierce. (2016). Gender Equality in HR. viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.ackermanpierce.com/cm/news/2016/nov/gender Adamson. H. (2009). Why is HR important? Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.payscale.com/compensation-today/2009/04/why-is-hr-important Camps, J. and Luna?Arocas, R. (2012). A matter of learning: How human resources affect organizational performance. British Journal of Management, 23(1), pp.1-21. Caspani. M. (2015). Are we doing enough to achieve gender equality? Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/03/are-we-doing-enough-to-achieve-gender-equality/ Doward. J. (2017). Women have achieved equality at long last according to men. Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/29/women-inequality-survey Hilton. J. (2017). Is HR doing enough to address gender inequality? Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.hcamag.com/hr-business-review/leadership-development/is-hr-doing-enough-to-address-gender-inequality-244874.aspx Hing. L and Stamarski. C. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: the effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers sexism. Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400/full Hook, J.L. (2010). Gender inequality in the welfare state: Sex segregation in housework, 19652003. American journal of sociology, 115(5), pp.1480-1523. Moss. T. (2017). Tara Moss: On the impact of HR and gender equality. Viewed on 24th January. 2018. Available on: https://www.hrmonline.com.au/section/hrm-tv/tara-moss-women-need-speak/ Ridgeway, C.L. (2011). Framed by gender: How gender inequality persists in the modern world. Oxford University Press. Sharma, S., Sharma, J. and Devi, A. (2011). Corporate social responsibility: The key role of human resources management. Human Resource Management: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities, 9. Silas. E. (2017). HR Roadmap: The Path toward Gender Equality in the Workplace. Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.jibe.com/blog/building-a-road-to-gender-equality-in-the-workplace-for-2017/ Suff. R. (2016). Where do we really stand on gender equality in the workplace? Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.cipd.co.uk/news-views/cipd-voice/issue-7/workplace-gender-equality Trachsel. H. (2014). Ways to fix gender inequality at work. Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/10/six-ways-fix-gender-inequality-workplace/ YKA. (2016). Next Time You Use the Word Gender Inequality, Keep These Things in Mind. Viewed on 24th January, 2018. Available on: https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/06/what-is-gender-inequality/